[Il Liberismo] Il liberismo si delineò, parallelamente allo sviluppo del pensiero liberal economic thought as radically opposed to the current economic state interference. E 'stands for economic liberalism, laissez-faire and free trade in part, although the latter refers primarily to prevent the demolition of barriers to international trade between the state and the state.
[Introduction to Liberalism]
Liberalism is instead a current of thought born in England and Holland in the late seventeenth century as a radical antithesis to the medieval and feudal residues, that were observed in some cases still alive from the point of view religion (intolerance), political (absolutism) and economic (feudal hierarchy). These characters are contrasted individualism that made inalienable rights, which existed before the creation of civil society, the linchpin of its original setting pensiero.Nucleo the free will of liberalism were Protestant, the Cartesian philosophy, with its rationalism and subjectivism, and natural law philosophy. Liberalism is looming as the answer to the philosophical and political aspiration of the emerging middle class. Bourgeois economic progress could be achieved only in fact and only in a socio-political climate that values \u200b\u200bindividual initiative in all its manifestations beneficial to society. There are, according to Locke, the possibility of destructive conflicts dall'esplicazione born individual. It can only arise from a balanced harmonious development, accessible by the entire humanity. In the works of Locke (Essay on Tolerance, Letter on Tolerance and Two Treatises on Government) shows that only when there is an undue interference was not limited to its role of impartial law against abuse and oppression, you can create the balance that . If the legislature does not guarantee the exercise of the inalienable rights and what it comes down, the people have the freedom to rebel. Will be the implicit emphasis on the democratic nature of thought liberal in giving life in the eighteenth, in what is called political liberalism, whose highest expressions were the Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of fundamental human rights of the French Revolution. However, the events that followed the French Revolution, which the subsequent period of restoration, did the emergence of a potential contrast between liberalism and egalitarianism, which was a prelude to the shift toward more moderate fluent in the liberal movements. Was different but the progress of liberal overseas De Tocqueville, in which it operates (Democracy in America), it appears a reconciliation of liberalism and egalitarianism, which resulted in a liberal political-economic setting , Based on decentralization of decision-making powers and the right of associazionismo.Quando taken by the ruling class, the liberal ideology often becomes synonymous with conservatism. There is a tendency to emphasize the limited state power provided by the liberalism of origin, leading to forms of state control suitable for the defense of political and economic institutions established. Then emerged a reformist current which is proposed to restrict individual liberties in relation to the redemption of the oppressed classes (the freedom to and freedom of Ruffini made by the late nineteenth century). Modern liberalism has therefore concentrated on the role of the state as mediator of "freedom from" and "freedom" and come demolitore degli ostacoli economico-culturali allo sviluppo equilibrato della società.
[Il Liberalismo Economico]
Per liberalismo economico si intende un indirizzo economico che cominciò, già dal 1776 (data della pubblicazione della Ricchezza delle nazioni di Smith), ad intravedere nell’esplicazione dell’individuo in campo economico, previa astensione dell’ingerenza statale, la condizione ottimale al benessere dell’intera società. Come in ambito politico la centralità è affidata all’individuo, il cui campo d’azione viene imparzialmente razionalizzato the market system. The abstention of the state does not preclude, however, the duty to legislate the rationality of the market and avoiding distortions such as monopolies and cartels can influence up to require the individual choices. State intervention is therefore sets out in formal, not substantive.
[Definitions of Robbins and Plato]
The complexity of economic thought, with its evolution, until the foundation and the study of political economy as science, revolved entirely around two basic definitions: a formal and substantial. The first, drawn by Robbins in 1932, she conceived the study of economics as the study of the relationship between means and ends. I will carry it through for individual collective means provided by the market forces, the purpose of collective social welfare is achieved through individual means. It was following this that you went cursus outlining the economic thinking of Smith. The second type of material, was that developed by Plato in The Republic: economic thinking is a discipline that explores the phenomena in which one compares the various theories (initially only production, exchange, distribution, consumption, wealth).
[Evolution Liberal Economic Thought: From Ius Naturalis Keynes]
The first liberal economists, invested by the violent tendencies of the mercantilist XVI / XVII century, the result of the transition from a feudal economy to a proto-capitalist, conceived, referring to the natural law , a natural order to the internal economic processes. That argument was taken up and investigated by the French physiocracy Quesnay, who had started the movement with its discussion of Agricultural Economics (whose studies culminated with the view of the surplus and the importance of the primary sector), published in the Encyclopedia of 1756-57. It was under the influence of current and individualism physiocratic hobbessiano who was born and Lockean classical economics, whose birth was attributed to the study of Smith. He made the wealth of a nation defined by concentrating its studies on market mechanisms, rather than the essence of the market. Physiocracy had in fact committed to demonstrating the innate nature of the market rules, Smith instead focused more on how these rules were to act in a precisely defined structure statale.La Classical phase of economic thought he saw arrayed also philosophers and economists such as Malthus (importance and influence of the type of growth democrafica in the dynamics of the market), Mill (utilitarianism), Ricardo (structure and infrastructure of a traditional economic system, theory value and distribution, search for an invariable), Marx (imperfections of the capitalist model, the theory of relations of production, today's "sectors" for the determination of the value) and Straffi, Italian economist who continued the reasons the economy Classical order to solve the problem concerning the determination of value. The auxiliary, which dominated the scene of the current economic debate of the last three decades of the nineteenth century, remade to be particularly as a method of calculating the marginal economic analysis for the development of accurate view on the natural value, linked to reduced subjective, rather than production and distribution. Passed by Marginal then the neoclassical phase. They belonged to the Austrian School, Lausanne and Cambridge, the latter were formed in the minds of the likes of Marshall and Keynes. The crisis of 1929-39 produced undermined the foundations of the neoclassical and marginalist thought, opening the door to a new phase: the phase Keynesian. Keynes had now drawn up, in contrast with the most important liberal philosopher, a new social philosophy capable of reinventing government intervention in order to ensure a balanced monetary and employment.
[The Modern Liberal Economic Thought]
modern scenario saw and still sees the development of new theories and openness to new frontiers of development, children of the substratum of thought of which we have discussed so far. Among them we can mention the birth of Microeconomics, the welfare theory of Arrow, the neo-liberal counter-revolution (which inspired the governments of Thatcher and Reagan), the neoclassical growth theory, game theory (cooperative and non-equilibrium systems cooperative Nash and the Prisoner's Dilemma), the Friedman-Lucas money (at the base of the monetary policies of neoliberalism Western from the Sixties to the Eighties) and finally studies on the implementation of information technologies.
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